Double fabric paper press



Oct. 26, 1965 D. B. WICKER 3,214,331

DOUBLE FABRIC PAPER PRESS Filed March 14, 1963 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 FROM WEBFORMER TO DRYER i i C J 64 so so so so 32 58 X fXfX fX 30 6 E L 623F|G.2 1

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United States Patent 3,214,331 DOUBLE FABRIC PAPER PRESS .Dan B. Wicker,Loudonville, N.Y., assignor to Hnyck Corporation, Stamford, Conn., acorporation of New York Filed Mar. 14, 1963, Ser. No. 265,204 8 Claims.(Cl. 162-358) This invention relates to fabric presses of papermakingmachines and more particularly to novel combinations and arrangements offelts for use in such presses.

This invention relates more specifically to the step in which water isremoved from moist, freshly formed paper sheets by running them betweenrotating cylindrical in which the roller that runs inside the feltcomprises a hollow cylinder with perforations therethrough; a suctionbox with vacuum is utilized inside the hollow cylinder to apply vacuumto the felt and paper sheet at and adjacent the nip region. The openingsin the perforated roll provide void space into which the expressed watermoves momentarily while passing beyond the nip region. .Under usualcircumstances, most of the Water is thereafter flung out of the roll bycentrifugal force and is caught by a guard pan and removed from thesystem. Some of the water, of course, may be drawn by the vacuum withinthe suction box and removed through the vacuum pump. Another variationof the suction press heretofore suggested used a wire cloth travelinginside the felt in order 'toprevent marking of the paper sheet by theopenings in the suction press roll. However, the relativelyincompressible nature of the wire cloth prevented it from achieving theexpressed purpose to the desired extent, and it did not carry anadequate amount of water away from the nip.

In an improved apparatus known as a fabric press, plain rollers areused, the sheet being passed therebetween in combination withaconventional felt. I one embodiment there runs inside the felt a mat orfabric with voids therein to provide the space to receive the expressedwater while it passes through and beyond the nip region. Such apparatusanticipates the water remaining in the voids of the fabric and beingremoved in another part of the path of travel by the action ofcentrifugal force. Another embodiment of the fabric press provides forthe expressed water largely to pass through the voids of the fabricandbe deposited as a film on the surface of the cooperating roller. A wiperor scraper thereafter removes the film from the roller such that asubstantially waterfree surface moves into the ingoing side of the nip.

It is evident that in both modifications of the fabric .press the majorconsideration is provision of the necessary void space for expressedwater to occupy while passing through and beyond the nip region. If suchspace is not provided, the squeezing action results in a backup andaccumulation of excess water at the ingoing side of the nip in such amanner as to dilute the sheet and cause a disturbance or destruction ofits formation in an action commonly spoken of as crushing. In theembodiment of the fabric press that anticipates the expressed waterlargely remaining in the fabric that runs inside the felt, it isdesirable to enhance the forces that retain water within this structure.In the embodiment that provides for the water to pass through the fabricand onto the surface of the cooperating roll, it is desirable for thefabric to retain a minimum amount of water and for a maximum amount tobe transmitted to the roll surface. In all embodiments of the fabricpress the provision of void volume is a major consideration, and, hence,the felt preferably should provide the void space but minimize thepossible transmission of water in such space back into the sheet afterpassing through the emerging side of the nip. In all embodiments, it isdesirable that the felt be capable of receiving water from the sheet aspressure is imposed thereon, but also be capable of easily releasing itto the fabric and through the fabric to the roller surface that runstherein. The inside fabrics or mats mentioned all are relativelyincompressible in order that the void volume be preserved throughout thehigh pressure region of the nip. None of the fabrics or mats now in useprovide a barrier to impede transfer of water through the structure andonto the surface of the inside roll. Therefore, the embodimentsdisclosed have the disadvantage of the structure of the foraminate bandstriking through the felt to emboss and imprint on the paper sheet thatis pressed therewith to produce a condition commonly spoken of asmarking. Furthermore, in the embodiment of the fabric press thatpresupposes the retention of the expressed water within the voids of theinside fabric (rather than its transfer to the surface of the insideroll) there is a disadvantage of uninhibited transfer of water entirelythrough the fabric to a point on the surface of the roll that does notconform to the concept of the disclosure.

It is an object of this invention to provide improved apparatus and amethod for removing water from awet paper Web.

It is another object of this invention to provide fabric presses havingcombinations and arrangements of press felts which will retain increasedamounts of water which may be pressed from wet paper webs, and transportthe water through the nip region of press rolls to selected de- Wateringregions.

A further object of this invention is to provide fabric presses whichwill minimize the extent of rewetting of a pressed paper web and whichwill permit press rolls to be operated at higher press loads withoutcrushing the paper web.

Other objects will be apparent to those skilled in the art from readingthe following description taken in conjunction with the accompanyingdrawings, in which:

FIGURE 1 is a diagrammatic view of a press section of a papermakingmachine;

FIGURE 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of thisinvention taken along line A-A of FIGURE 1, being two press felts asused to transport a wet paper web between press rolls;

FIGURE 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an alternate embodimentof this invention taken along line A-A of FIG. 1;

FIGURE 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of still another embodimentof this invention taken along ,line A-A of FIG. 1;

FIGURE 5 is a schematic plan view, on an enlarged basis, of anembodiment of a duplex press felt useful in this invention;

FIGURE 6 is a cross-sectional view of the press felt of FIG. 5 takenalong line 6-6;

FIGURE 7 is another cross-sectional view of the press felt of FIG. 5taken along line 7-7;

FIGURE 8 is an enlarged, schematic, plan view of another duplex pressfelt useful in this invention;

FIGURE 9 is a cross-sectional view of the press felt of FIG. 8 takenalong line 9-9;

FIGURE 10 is another cross-sectional view of the press felt of FIG. 8taken along line 10-10;

FIGURE 11 is an enlarged, schematic, plan view of another press feltuseful in this invention;

FIGURE 12 is a cross-sectional view of the press felt of FIG. 11, takenalong line 12-12;

FIGURE 13 is another cross-sectional view of the press felt of FIG. 11taken along line 13-13; and

FIGURE 14 is an enlarged, schematic cross-sectional view of anotherduplex press felt useful in this invention.

It has been found that unexpectedly improved results in water removalmay be obtained in the press section of papermaking machines by usingtwo press felts running one inside the other to transport a wet paperweb between press rolls. Most of the water is retained in the pressfelts and is removed at a point beyond the press rolls by well knownmeans such as described below.

The objects of this invention may be accomplished by the use of a fabricpress in which two press felts are used in combination as a papermakerswet felt means to carry a moist paper web between press rolls wherewater is forced fom the web into the two felts each of which thentransport a portion of the water to regions where the water is removed.Each of the felts is capable of re- 'taining water within its structureagainst the centrifugal forces normally encountered in the press sectionof papermaking machines. That .is, the two felts will retain as muchwater as is received in a fabric press, about 30 to 70% by weight of thefelts, and will not release any appreciable part of this water at usualpress speeds. The

'felt moisture content at which throwout of water begins,

excluding the effect of wet edges, is termed the threshold moisture.Depending on the tightness of weave, material of construction, etc., thefelts operable in the practice of this invention have thresholdmoistures up to about 70% at centrifugal forces about 85 times the forceof gravity.

The capability of the felts to retain water may be due to the tightnessof weave and style of weave of the fabric composing the felt. Forinstance, a fabric may be formed in a tight weave, such that theinterstices between the yarns comprising the fabric are of such smallsize that the capillary attraction of the woven fabric is sufiicient toequal or exceed the centrifugal forces applied. The ability to retainwater against centrifugal forces may also be due to the absorptivity ofthe yarns of which the felt is made. For instance, wool which has a highabsorption for water will more easily retain water against thecentrifugal forces normally encountered in the press section ofpapermakingmachines.

The felts useful in the practice of this invention include both simplexand duplex felts. A simplex felt is composed of a single layer of felt,or a single layer of fabric which has been fulled. A duplex felt iscomposed of two layers of felt or two layers of fabric which have beenfulled. A duplex press felt for use in the practice of this inventiondesirably has one layer of low void volume which is well felted and asecond layer of high void volume which is less felted. The low voidvolume layer may be soft or flexible, and the high void volume layer maybe hard or stiff. It is preferred that the low void volume layer behighly compressible, and that the high void volume layer be lesscompressible, the degree of compressibility of the latter beingsuflicient to avoid marking the wet paper web. The simplex felts may beselected to have the characteristics of a high or low void volume layer.

The preferred materials for the yarn of a low void volume layer arepredominantly natural animal fibers, such as wool. The high void volumelayer desirably contains a significant amount of synthetic polymerfibers, such as polyamides, polyesters, and the like. Desirably thesynthetic fibers constitute from about 15 to 100% of the high voidvolume layer, although lesser ratios may be used. The preferredmaterials for the yarns of the low void volume layer are alsopredominantly natural animal fibers, such as wool. Simplex feltscontaining a significant amount of synthetic polymer fibers, such aspolyamides, polyesters, and the like are operative in the invention.Desirably the synthetic fibers constitute from about 15 to of thesimplex felt, although lesser ratios may be used.

In the practice of this invention in a double felt press, one felt runsoutside the other felt in contact with the wet web. The other felt runsinside the one, in contact with the side of the outside felt that doesnot contact the wet web and in contact with the inner press roll.

Either of the inside and outside felts may be a simplex or duplex feltas described above. That is, the inner felt may be a simplex felt andthe outer felt may be a simplex felt or a duplex felt. Conversely theinner felt may be a duplex felt and the outer felt may be a simplexfelt. The combination of an inside duplex felt with an outside duplexfelt is contained in the co-pending application of D. B. Wicker, SerialNo. 253,549, filed January 24, 1963.

As shown in FIGURE 1, moist paper web 2 from the web forming section(not shown) of a papermaking machine is carried by endless press felts4, 6 between press roll 8 and inside press roll 10. The pressed paperweb then continues on to the dryer section (not shown). Part of theexpressed water passes through the press felts 4, 6 and is transferredto the surface of inner press roll 10 from which it may be removed byWiper or doctor blade 11. Part of the water is retained in the felt andmay be removed as press felts 4, 6 pass compressed air supply conduits12, 14, respectively. The water desirably is blown into receiving trays16, 18 from which it drains. Water may also be removed as felts 4, 6pass over suction boxes 20, 22, respectively, and enter the suctionboxes from which it drains.

FIGURE 2 shows one embodiment of this invention. FIGURE 2 is a schematiccross-sectional view of the wet paper web and supporting felts as theypass between press rolls 8, 10. In this embodiment simplex felts 30, 32are used as both inside and outside felts. Felt 30 runs inside felt 32and contacts inner press roll 10. Felt 32 runs outside of felt 30 andcontacts wet paper web 2.

FIGURE 3 shows another embodiment of this invention, being a crosssection of the press felts and wet paper web as they pass between thepress rolls. In this embodiment simplex felt 34 runs inside duplex felt36 and is in contact with press roll 10. Duplex felt 36 is made up ofhigh void volume layer 38 and low void volume layer 40. High void volumelayer 38 runs in contact with inner felt 34; low void volume layer 40runs in contact with wet paper web 2. Because of the small void volumeof layer 40, water which is pressed from wet paper web 2 into layer 40is forced into high void volume layer 38, and some of the water passesinto inner felt 34. It is the nature of this embodiment that there islittle tendency for water to return from felt 34 or high void volumelayer 38 through low void volume layer 40 and back into the Wet webafter the pressure of the press rolls is removed.

FIGURE 4 shows still another embodiment of the combination of pressfelts useful in the fabric press of this invention. In this embodimentthe inner felt 42 is a duplex felt made up of low void volume layer 44and high void volume layer 46. High void volume layer 46 runs in contactwith outer simplex felt 48 which is in contact with wet paper web 2. Lowvoid volume layer 44 runs in contact with inner press roll 10. It ischar acteristic of this embodiment of the invention that water pressedfrom wet web 2 into and through simplex outer felt 48 and into the highvoid volume 46 of inner felt 42 has little tendency to pass through thelow void volume: layer 44 of felt 42. Thus, less water is transferred tothe inner press roll when this embodiment is used.

A preferred embodiment of a duplex felt useful in this invention isshown in FIGURES 5, 6 and 7. Duplex felt 50 is made up of fine textured,low void volume felted and provide good cushion.

layer 52 and coarse textured, high void volume layer 54 which are woventogether into a unitary fabric by yarns 56. Fine layer 52 is made up ofyarns 58 and 60, which comprise a 4-harness satin, or crow-foot, weavein a relatively fine, low void volume structure. The yarns 58 and 60 areof soft, low twisted construction, are easily In this embodiment layer52 is preferentially disposed on the paper web-contacting side of duplexfelt 6 and on the press-roll-contacting side of duplex felt 4.

Layer 54 is made up of yarns 62 and 64 which comprise 'a plain weave ina relatively coarse, high void volume structure. Yarns 62, 64 are ofrelatively incompressible construction, and if made of wool are hardtwisted and are less easily felted than yarns 58, 60.

Yarns 56 stitch the two layers 52, 54 together. If yarns 56 were absent,layers 52 and 54 would come out of the loom as two entirely separatepieces. With the yarns 56 joining them, layers 52 and 54 have thecharacter of one fabric with a fine, Well felted structure with low voidvolume for layer 52, and a coarse, less felted high void volumestructurefor layer 54.

An alternate embodiment of a duplex felt useful in this invention is the4-harness satin shown in FIGS. 8, 9 and 10. In this embodiment theduplex felt 70 is formed of yarns 72, 74. Yarns 72 have a soft twist, ahigh .tendency to felt and are compressible to provide cushion.

Yarns 74 have a hard twist, have less tendency to felt and are lesscompressible. Yarns 72 are disposed predominantly adjacent to face side71 of press felt '71 andso contact wet paper web 2. Due to thepredominant layering of yarns 72, 74, felt 70 has a fine, felted, lowvoid volume layer on face side 71, and a coarse layer with a high voidvolume on rear side 73.

Another embodiment of the duplex felt useful in this invention is shownin FIGURES 11, 12 and 13. The felt 80 is comprised of yarns in twodistinct woven patterns. Yarns 82, 84 comprise a 4-harness satin, orcrow-foot, weave in a relatively fine, low void volume structure. Yarns82 are of soft, low twisted construction, are easily felted and providecushion. Yarns 82 are preferntially disposed to face side 86 of felt 80.Yarns 84 are highly twisted, less susceptible to felting and lesscompressible. Yarns 84 are preferentially disposed on rear side 83 offabric 80.

Yarns 90, 92 comprise a plain weave in a coarse, high void volumestructure. Yarns 90 are similar to yarns 82 and are disposedpredominantly on face side 36. Yarns 92 are similar to yarns 84 and aredisposed predominantly on rear side 88. Yarns 94 comprise lookingstitches inserted at regular intervals in order more firmly to interlockthe two woven elements of felt 80. Without yarns 94 the two wovenelements would be loosely interlocked; with the locking stitchestherein, the final felt 80 has the character of one fabric with a fine,well-felted, low void volume structure disposed preferentially to faceside 86 and a coarse, less felted, high void volume structurepreferentially disposed to rear side 88.

Other weaves are operable in the practice of this invention, such as aS-harness or 6-harness satin, or the like, for the low void volumelayer, and a basket weave, twill, broken twill, or the like for the highvoid volume layer. In general, any two layered felt or fabric isoperable in the practice of the invention which has one layer of a fine,felted, compressible, low void volume structure and a second layer of acoarse, high void volume, less felted and less compressible structure.

Another embodiment of this invention is shown in FIGURE 14. Duplex felt100 desirably comprises a scrim or base fabric 102 woven in the mannerdescribed above or woven with other weaves such as a plain weave, atwill weave, a 4-harness satin, or the like. A nonwoven batt 104 formedby carding machines or garnetts may be applied to scrim 102 by the useof barbed needles which so entangle the batt with the woven structurethat there is a high degree of adhesion between the two layers. In thiscombination, the batt side, or face side 106 of the felt may be providedwith a denser structure and lower void volume than the scrim, or rearside 108. Moreover batt side 106 may be made denser than textilestructures that are made by weaving alone. The water removal effect ofthe needled batt structure will be at least as great and, in mostinstances, may be greater than woven structures.

Although the duplex felts useful in this invention are operable in theirnatural state, their effectiveness may be enhanced by treating them tomake them water attractive or water repellent. For instance, by treatingthe web contacting felt to render it water repellent the tendency ofwater to return from the roll contacting felt into the web contactingfelt is reduced. Thus, the re-wetting of the paper web as it emergesfrom the press rolls is reduced. The repellent nature of the papercontacting felt will not prevent water from being forced from the wetpaper web through it by the mechanical pressure applied by the pressrolls. Where it is desired that as much water as possible be retained inthe felts, their treatment to render them water receptive will increasetheir water retention capability.

There are various methods of rendering textile structures, includingfibers, yarns and fabrics, Water repellent. One method comprises theapplication of fluorocarbon, such as Minnesota Mining & ManufacturingCorporations compound FC-208. This compound has the chemical formula C Fand is a modified acrylate. It is available as a non-ionic emulsion ofthe fluorocarbon resin containing 28% solvent. An impregnating solutionmay be prepared by dissolving 0.1 part of sodium chloride or sodiumacetate in parts by weight of a bath. The fluorocarbon resin emulsionequal to 3.5 parts'by weight of the bath is added with sufiicientagitation to distribute the resin. A solution is prepared containing onepart of fluorocarbon solids which is sufficient to fairly wet a fabric.Isobutanol may be added to the solution in'the amount of 4% of the bathvolume as a fugitive wetting agent if the fabrics do not wet outreadily. The remainder of the bath is water. After the material has beenthoroughly wetted, the bath solution is drained, and the material isbrought to a wet pick-up of about 100% of its dry weight. The treatedmaterial is then dried and cured at 250-300 F.,for five to ten minutesto provide a dry weight pick-up of about 1%. Thereafter, the resultantfabric is water repellent, has a noticeably decreased tendency to absorbwater and has an increased tendency to release or shed water.

Another method of treating textile materials to make them waterrepellent is to apply an organo-polysiloxane containing a zirconium ortin salt. Such a material is available under the name Cravenette SWSwith catalyst 54. The latter material is an emulsion consisting of 30%by weight of silicone solids and employing a metallic organic salt as acatalyst. The materials to be treated are immersed in a bath andextraneous material removed from it. The repellent in the amount of 5%by Weight of dry material is diluted with its own volume of water anddistributed throughout the bath by agitation. The catalyst in the amountof 2% by weight of the dry material is similarly diluted and added tothe bath. The pH of the bath varies between about 2.5 and 7. Thematerial is retained in the bath for 30 minutes or until the milkyappearance caused by the repellent disappears and is then removed anddried. No thermal cure is required because the resin cures at roomtemperature. A dry weight pick-up of about 1% is obtained and willproduce the water repellent properties desired.

Another type of water repellent treatment for textile materialscomprises the application of stearamidomethylpyridinium chloride. Arepresentative bath is prepared by dispersing at -l40 F. an amount ofthe compounds equivalent to 6% of the weight of the bath, using anamount of solvent equivalent to 30% of the final bath volume. The bathis continuously stirred and diluted to the desired volume with water.Sodium acetate in the amount of of the weight of the compound added isdissolved separately in water and added to the bath. The final bathtemperature should be about 100 F. A sufficient amount of liquid isadded to cause a wet weight pick-up-of 60% of the dry weight of thematerial. After the material is dried it is cured at 300 F. for twominutes to provide a final dry weight pick-up of about 4%. The resultantfabric will thereafter show water repellent properties.

Other methods of treating textile materials to render them waterrepellent involve the application of such material as Atcodri Z which isa mixture of a zirconium salt and a paraffin wax. The zirconium salt maybe zirconium stearate.

Still another method of making textile materials water repellent is toapply thermo-setting resins, such as Phobotex FTC along with a catalyst.

A method for treating textile materials to render them more waterreceptive comprises the application of an anionic exchange resincontaining polyoxyethyl chains and ionic groups. Such a material isavailable under the name Aston 108 from Onyx Oil & Chemical Company. Itis applied to the material in the form of soluble polymers containingreactive groups together with soluble multi-functional cross-linkingagents. The reaction is carried out at elevated temperatures up to about212 .F. A solution containing 25% of Aston 108, a crosslinking agent inthe ratio of 7:3 to the Aston 108, and about 0.5% of an aromaticpolyglycol ether, such as Neutronyx 600 is applied to the material.Thereafter the material is dried and cured with infra-red radiation atas high a temperature as it will withstand without damage thereto, butin any event at 212 F. or higher.

The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms ofdescription and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the useof such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of thefeatures shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognizedthat various modifications are possible within the scope of theinvention claimed. For instance, while the invention has been describedfor use with wet paper webs in papermaking processes, it is applicableas well to other absorbent materials in related processes.

What is claimed is:

1. Paperrnakers wet felt means for use in the press roll section of apapermaking machine which comprises the combination of first and secondfelts, said first felt running inside said second felt and being aduplex felt formed of a felted first layer which has a relatively lowvoid volume and is compressible and a second layer having a relativelyhigh void volume and being less felted and less compressible than saidfirst layer, said second layer of said first felt running in contactwtih said second felt,

said void volumes of first and second layers being high or low relativeto each other.

2. A double felt press for removing increased amounts of water from awet web of paper and similar absorbent structures in the papermaking andrelated industries comprising a pair of cooperating press rolls, andmeansto transport the wet web between said press rolls comprising firstand second felts, said first felt running inside said second felt andbeing a duplex felt comprising a felted, compressible, relatively lowvoid volume first layer and a less felted, less compressible, relativelyhigh void volume second layer, said void volumes being high and lowrelative to each other, said second layer of said first felt being incontact with said second felt, whereby water pressed from said wet webthrough said second felt passes into said second layer of said firstfelt and is retained therein.

3. A double felt press as described in claim 2 wherein the wetwebcontacting felt is water repellent.

4. A double felt press as defined in claim 2 wherein the wet webcontacting felt is water repellent and the other felt is waterreceptive.

5. A double felt press as described in claim 2 wherein said first andsecond felts are water receptive.

6. A double felt press as described in claim 2 wherein both of saidfirst and second felts are subjected to dewatering treatment at pointsremote from said web.

7. An improved fabric press for removing increased amounts of water froma wet web of paper and similar absorbent structures in the papermakingand related industries comprising a pair of cooperating press rolls, andmeans to transport the wet web between said press rolls comprising firstand second felts, said first felt being a simplex felt and runninginside said second felt, said second felt being a duplex felt comprisinga felted, compressible, relatively low void volume first layer and aless felted, less compressible, relatively high void volume secondlayer, said first layer of said second felt running in contact with saidwet web, said void volumes being high and low relative to each other,whereby water pressed from said wet web through said first layer of saidsecond felt passes into said second layer of said second felt and isretained therein and hindered from returning to said wet we 8. A doublefelt press as described in claim 2 wherein said second felt is a simplexfelt.

References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,093,535 6/63Brauns et al. l62358 FOREIGN PATENTS 624,831 8/61 Canada. 1,198,432 6/59France.

DONALL H. SYLVESTER, Primary Examiner. MORRIS O. WOLK, Examiner.

1. PAPERMAKERS WET FELT MEANS OR USE IN THE PRESS ROLL SECTION OF APAPERMAKING MACHINE WHICH COMPRISES THE COMBINATION OF FIRST AND SECONDFELTS, SAID FIRST FELT RUNNING INSIDE SAID SECOND FELT AND BEING ADUPLEX FELT FORMED OF A FELTED FIRST FIRST LAYER WHICH HAS A RELATIVELYLOW VOID VOLUME AND IS COMPRESSIBLE AND A SECOND LAYER HAVING ARELATIVELY HIGH VOID VOLUME AND BEING LESS FELTED AND LESS COMPRESSIBLETHAN SAID FIRST LAYER, SAID SECOND LAYER OF SAID FIRST FELT RUNNING INCONTACT WITH SAID SECOND FELT, SAID VOID VOLUMES OF FIRST AND SECONDLAYERS BEING HIGH OR LOW RELATIVE TO EACH OTHER
 2. A DOUBLE FELT PRESSFOR REMOVING INCREASED AMOUNTS OF WATER FROM A WET WEB OF PAPER ANDSIMILAR ABSORBENT STRUCTURES IN THE PAPERMAKING AND RELATED INDUSTRIESCOM-